Experts’ memory superiority for domain-specific random material generalizes across fields of expertise: A meta-analysis
Identifieur interne : 000156 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000155; suivant : 000157Experts’ memory superiority for domain-specific random material generalizes across fields of expertise: A meta-analysis
Auteurs : Giovanni Sala ; Fernand GobetSource :
- Memory & Cognition [ 0090-502X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Experts’ remarkable ability to recall meaningful domain-specific material is a classic result in cognitive psychology. Influential explanations for this ability have focused on the acquisition of high-level structures (e.g., schemata) or experts’ capability to process information holistically. However, research on chess players suggests that experts maintain some reliable memory advantage over novices when random stimuli (e.g., shuffled chess positions) are presented. This skill effect cannot be explained by theories emphasizing high-level memory structures or holistic processing of stimuli, because random material does not contain large structures nor wholes. By contrast, theories hypothesizing the presence of small memory structures—such as chunks—predict this outcome, because some chunks still occur by chance in the stimuli, even after randomization. The current meta-analysis assessed the correlation between level of expertise and recall of random material in diverse domains. The overall correlation was moderate but statistically significant (
Url:
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-016-0663-2
PubMed: 27770253
PubMed Central: 5323477
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PMC:5323477Le document en format XML
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), and the effect was observed in nearly every study. This outcome suggests that experts partly base their superiority on a vaster amount of small memory structures, in addition to high-level structures or holistic processing.</p>
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<institution>Department of Psychological Sciences, Bedford Street South,</institution>
<institution>University of Liverpool,</institution>
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Liverpool, L69 7ZA UK</aff>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day>
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<volume>45</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>193</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2016</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
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<abstract id="Abs1"><p>Experts’ remarkable ability to recall meaningful domain-specific material is a classic result in cognitive psychology. Influential explanations for this ability have focused on the acquisition of high-level structures (e.g., schemata) or experts’ capability to process information holistically. However, research on chess players suggests that experts maintain some reliable memory advantage over novices when random stimuli (e.g., shuffled chess positions) are presented. This skill effect cannot be explained by theories emphasizing high-level memory structures or holistic processing of stimuli, because random material does not contain large structures nor wholes. By contrast, theories hypothesizing the presence of small memory structures—such as chunks—predict this outcome, because some chunks still occur by chance in the stimuli, even after randomization. The current meta-analysis assessed the correlation between level of expertise and recall of random material in diverse domains. The overall correlation was moderate but statistically significant (<inline-formula id="IEq1"><alternatives><tex-math id="M1">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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), and the effect was observed in nearly every study. This outcome suggests that experts partly base their superiority on a vaster amount of small memory structures, in addition to high-level structures or holistic processing.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Memory</kwd>
<kwd>Recall</kwd>
<kwd>Expertise</kwd>
<kwd>Random</kwd>
<kwd>Meta-analysis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2017</meta-value>
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